Pablo G. Blasco, Md, PhD interview in University World News:
Pablo G. Blasco, Md, PhD interview in University World News: Humanities, Covid Times and Medical Education
Leo Pessini: A bioethics of friendship!
On July 24, the Order of the Ministers of the Sick, the Camillians, lost their Superior General in office. Bioethics lost one of the leading figures of recent years. I lost a great friend. A friendship of almost 40 years, which began in the early 80s, when Father Leo Pessini began his ministry as chaplain of the Hospital of the Clinics of the University of São Paulo Medical School. His was a newly ordained priest, and I was a young doctor just graduated.
We met frequently in the corridors of the Hospital, in the Chapel – decorated with the paintings of Fulvio Pennacchi, a famous painter who later became my patient and who I had the privilege of taking care of him until the last moments of his life. And, of course, we agreed next to the bed of the sick. The classmates remember how we asked for their support to bring the Anointing of the sick, to which he always attended solicitously. It was a special “request for consultation” that became frequent and set in unforgettable stories. The patient who improved greatly after the anointing and one of the most positivist doctors asked if he could not be administered daily ….. Or the other who at night asked the nurse to call the chaplain, and the good lady answered: “But if you say you are not a believer, how do you ask me this?” And the doctor: “That I am an atheist has nothing to do with the sick; please call the chaplain. ”
A few years later, Father Leo projected himself as a figure known throughout Brazil. In 1985, Tancredo Neves, president of the newly elected Republic, was transferred from Brasilia to the Hospital of Clínicas in São Paulo, where he would die weeks later. The newscasts accompanied the outcome daily, the doctors’ statements, the exams that were getting worse, and the figure of that young chaplain who attended to the president and his family. Years later, I think It was during a meal, Leo told me: “I was little more than 30 years old, and that situation surprised me without experience. I went to snack several times at the house of the Cardinal Archbishop of São Paulo, who was the one who ordered me to be a priest, to get some advice. He told me: ‘Leo, limit yourself to spiritual assistance; don’t get into political issues. It helped me a lot, because there was even a corresponding foreigner who came to offer me money to take pictures. ‘Hey, I’m the chaplain, not the photographer. And I keep silent ex officio’. It seems to me that it was at that time, during the long agony of Tancredo, and in the ethical challenges, where the seed of the taste for Bioethics took root in Leo’s heart.
Read MoreMy Parents. A Tribute
This is a brief translation of some paragraphs of the original manuscript, which is in Spanish.
My mother moved to her eternal home in May. This way of referring to her passing is not a euphemism, but, instead, is the traditional way in which we speak of our family at such times, and is what we say in the memorial cards. We buried her beside my father on May 23, just 57 years after the picture you can see on the left. It was a special date: their marriage anniversary. The other picture, on the right, was taken on May 23 as well, 16 years after the first one, when all the children had been born.
During the last weeks of her illness, I was afraid that this coincidence of dates might happen again. My father was always a very romantic man, and I had suspected that he would make all the arrangements to have my mother beside him, physically, on their anniversary, since we always celebrate it as a big day in our family. And so it happened.
Memories come to mind. I thought of one of my parents’ favorite movies, “An Affair to Remember,” and the scene when Cary Grant meets Deborah Kerr at the top of the Empire State Building. My father bought this movie when copies of “domestic” cinema were first available. He got “Casablanca” also, of course. It came with a big poster of Bogart and Bergman that my mother gave to me some years ago. “You can put it in some place you like; your father saved it for you,” she said. I put it on the terrace wall of our clinic, where some family get-togethers happen.
My parents were almost the same age. Mom was some months older. She was born in August 1928, and Dad, in May 1929. “The same year of the big Crash, so you can remember it easily. Maybe it is for this reason I have been always struggling to raise my family,” he sometimes said. And the real story is, despite the 1929 curse, the company he built—his family—was “the only one that succeeded” and is always a reason for continually thanking God. In one of the hardest times of financial crisis, my father went to the printer and asked for a special document in which he put his name, mom’s name, and the children’s names. The clerk asked what, exactly, that meant. And he answered: “This is the only enterprise I have run successfully.” The sentence became a symbol of his achievement in our family.
The eleven grandchildren –starting with the oldest, who is 24, to the youngest, who is 8—went to the cemetery to say goodbye to grandma. “You can go if you want. It’s not required,” their parents said. All of them went. And the youngest whispered a confidence into my ear: “When grandma was at the hospital I was praying to God to take her. You know, in the hospital, she never could attend my first Communion next Saturday. Now she will be there, sitting on the first row.” I was touched by the sincerity of a child, speckled with excusable selfishness but imbued with profound theological sense. Two days later, he was there at the first Communion ceremony, very concentrated and sure grandma was watching and smiling at him.
In my family we always were guided by a culture of transcendence, which just means faith in God and in eternity. Those who have passed away are still present, they are part of the family, we ask for little favors, and they answer. Since my brother Pedro died, when the little children lose any stuff, we can hear their petition: “Ask uncle Pedro.” And things appear.
I have been wondering how my parents lived in such wonderful harmony. They got married between their respective birthdays, when they were exactly the same age in years. Now Mom leaves us in the same circumstance: between their birthdays. And so did Dad, when he left us in July 1997. That reminds me what Mom told me when I was a child: “I don’t like to wear big heels because I don’t pretend to be taller than your father.” They coordinated everything, as when they danced the pasodobles I saw so many times: in a perfect matching. Yes, they loved dancing. And they loved movies too. When Dad passed away, my mother revealed in a soft voice, “You know what I was telling your father at the funeral parlor? The same thing that Errol Flynn tells his wife, in his role as General Custer (“They Died With Their Boots On”), before the battle: “It was a pleasure to walk through this life beside you.”
Madrid- São Paulo, 2013
John Berger & Jean Mohr: “A Fortunate Man: The story of a country doctor”
John Berger & Jean Mohr: “A Fortunate Man: The story of a country doctor”. The Penguin Press. London. 1967.
I learned about this book in a session happened at the Annual Spring Meeting of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine, in New Orleans , in April 2011. The Conference Program noticed a session entitled: “Reading a Fortunate Man”. I didn’t know about the book, but I knew the presenters. And, probably, as many others in the audience, I was there because of the presenters, some of them my personal friends, and respected leaders in the Family Medicine field.
I am not about to provide a brief summary of the book for English readers. Coming from me that will be arrogance and, mainly, something dangerous because people could not be motivated to read it, and this would be undesirable. All I can say is that every doctor should read this book. Let’s copy a brief paragraph in which the core of doctoring is described.
The task of the doctor is to recognize the man. (..) I am fully aware that I am here using the word Recognition to cover whole complicated techniques of psychotherapy, but essentially these techniques are precisely means for furthering the process of recognition. (..) In order the illness fully, the doctor must first recognize the patient as a person. Good general diagnosticians are rare, not because most doctors lack medical knowledge, but because most are incapable of taking in all the possible relevant facts –emotional, historical, environmental as well as physical. They are searching for specific conditions instead of the truth about a patient which may then suggest various conditions. (..) A good doctor is acknowledged because he meets the deep but unformulated expectation of the sick for a sense of fraternity. He recognizes them. Sometimes he fails, but there is about him the constant will of a man trying to recognize”.
John Frey, MD, was one of the presenters and he kindly offered me the fabulous piece of reading he presented. If you have still any doubts about this book, get into Dr. Frey’s writing and you will be convinced.
Seeing A fortunate man
by John Frey, MDIn June of 1967, after my first year of medical school, I sent a letter to the dean of students saying that I would not be returning for my sophomore year. I spent the summer rooming with an old friend from high school working with South Texas migrant workers in the sand hills of central Wisconsin as a day care teacher, school bus driver, and cook in an old rambling house in a town of 200,. During that summer, I contemplated either entering graduate school – in what I was not sure – or being drafted which was a sure thing, given that it was the height of the Vietnam draft. If all else were to fail, I was going to move to Canada. A local GP received cases of dicloxicillin from the government migrant worker program and gave me boxes of it to treat skin infections and abscesses with instructions on who to treat and for what, turning my old yellow school bus into a roving clinic to treat impetigo in farmworkers. He ended up the summer season by encouraging me to go back to medical school. “You can do this stuff”, he said.
I got back a few weeks after everyone else had started. I found friends who I could room with – six of us in a 3 bedroom apartment on the north side of Chicago. I quickly got back into the routine of lecture, lab, study, and also of competitive students scanning grades posted after exams, and felt a returning sense of disconnection with what I thought medicine should be – the same feeling that caused me to quit medical school five months earlier. I began to regret my decision to come back. Chicago was an old city of redlining, class conflict, and what one sociologist called the most apartheid city in America, with vast strips of single race or ethnicity communities in the tens of thousands. Saul Alinsky was running and institute in the city helping community organizers and farmworker unions. The Black Panthers and black power were rising from the near West side and spreading throughout the city. Oblivious to all this, I shuttled from our non-descript apartment to the Northwestern medical school on the Chicago gold coast just off Michigan avenue and then home again at night. I lived in a mental gated community.
I remember the weekend in November when I was just about to formulate another letter to the dean of students, again thanking him for his help and concern, but saying that I was not suited for medicine and that he shouldn’t waste the spot on me. It was one of those dark, cold rainy Fall days in Chicago that preceded the onset of full winter. Some might think that the lights of the stores reflecting off of the rainy pavement of Michigan Avenue between lines of yellow cabs had a sort of urban charm. I simply felt that I was flailing among the serious students who understood physiology and pharmacology and also seemed to understand each other. I had come to the conclusion that, if I couldn’t drag myself out of the hole I was in, I would not only fail medical school but would feel like I had flunked life. I really didn’t know what was next.
I have always been a newspaper reader, probably because I was a newspaper boy for many years. I picked up the Chicago Sun-Times that contained a review of a book, recently published in the US, called “A fortunate man: the story of a country doctor.” I really can’t remember why, perhaps boredom or simply wanting to go for a walk, but I went over from the study lab to Michigan Avenue in the rain and found a bookstore. They had a copy of the book and I bought it.
Harlan Cleveland from the Hubert Humphrey institute, with a career of service to government that stretched back 45 years, defined a career as a series of accidents and unforeseen happenings upon which we stamp a retrospective label. Buying A Fortunate Man was one of those accidents. It was a life preserver flung to a drowning man. I held on for dear life. I was 23. I had gone through a time when I didn’t just doubt medicine; I doubted a purpose for my life. The future I had imagined and the person who was central to that future were both gone. It was all shadows and grief. Reading A Fortunate Man somehow made me want to keep going. I remember wanting to experience patients like Sassall did to see whether there were as many stories, images, and complexities as Berger seemed to see in Sassall’s life. Could I, I asked myself, possibly have a life as rich as his?
While what Berger wrote moved me then and now, over the years, the photos have stayed with me more than the words. As a boy, when I saw something I never wanted to forget, I would pretend to be a camera. I would stand there and close my eyes as if they were a shutter, capturing an image like a Polaroid somewhere in my occipital cortex. Jean Mohr’s photos were like that. I can describe them from memory. I can’t imagine how he gained entrance into that intimate moment when eyes found each other, where patients look both frightened and comforted and the viewer is in the place of the doctor, looking back at the patient with recognition. I have known a number of documentary photographers over my life and they share the ability to be absorbed into the background, hidden behind their cameras. They talk about trying to disappear so that they can capture what is truly there. But photography, as the historian Michael Lesy wrote, often finds a deeper purpose that is religious rather than secular and that photographs are a semi-magical act that symbolically deal with time and mortality. All of the principals and many of the subjects of Mohr’s photographs are dead 45 years later but their images still represent what can and does happen in the act of doctoring.
Doctors can’t retreat to the background. We sit with people who struggle with words, often looking for words of our own to comfort or probe without harming. We are surgeons with words. If we are lazy, we retreat to the mental check boxes or, more often these days, the electronic record checkboxes. How can we understand people, or as Berger wrote, recognize people if we don’t make eye contact. After all, the standard phrase we use in our clinical lives is “seeing patients” not “watching patients” If we don’t look, observe and listen, how can we see patients – or anyone in our lives, for that matter. Thirty years ago I spent some time visiting various doctors as part of my time living and working in the National Health Service in Wales. One very dramatic older physician stood out in my mind for two very different reasons. First of all, he was a chain smoker and had a lit cigarette going on his desk for almost the whole day. But the other was to watch him with patients. He sat across the desk from them and leaned over intently and just listened. After one patient left, in a cloud of smoke, he turned to me and said “Did you see that? Did you see how sad that man was? That’s the secret. You have to use the full force of all of your senses and all of your attention for the first 10 seconds and just see the patient. Those 10 seconds will tell you everything. ”
Jean Mohr did not just spend 10 seconds; he captured the full force of our senses in his photos. Captionless photography in books was relatively new at that point. Only Walker Evans in “Let us now praise famous men” had used the power of the camera in the same way in documenting the lives of sharecroppers in Alabama during the 1930’s. Mohr’s photographs leave us with indelible images that place us in the intimate emotions of the moment with both the patient and the doctor, naked and vulnerable. Who hasn’t felt how Sassal looks in many of those photos. That vulnerability, day after day, year after year, is what challenges us to both question what we are doing and to understand it. Hill Jason once famously noted that he thought doctors often went into teaching because we couldn’t stand the day to day intensity of human contact that characterizes community practice. But that intensity can also be our salvation. Our sense of responsibility for helping patients , who often feel more like family and friends and include all the frustration that relationships bring when we can’t seem to help, that intensity and connection and small epiphanies and also offers, a sense of purpose and, when it is necessary, acceptance of our faults, and forgiveness. If it is working as it should, doctors and patients see each other for who we really are – recognition goes both ways.
The photographs in A Fortunate Man: the eyes are everything.